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home walks sites resources : home page dartmoor has a particularly rich abundance of settlements, monuments and ritual sites dating from prehistoric times. the mild hospitable climate of the bronze age deteriorated after a few thousand years leaving these areas uninhabited and consequently relatively undisturbed to the present day. there are many great guides to walking on dartmoor, many include descriptions of these sites, but it is difficult to find guides specifically for those wanting to visit these sites. the dartmoor walks website suggests a few walks for those interested in visiting the ancient settlements and antiquities such as stone rows and stone circles on dartmoor. the walks featured are all based on the use of public transport, see guide to public transport . use the menu above or the walks bar on the right to navigate around the site. the sites featured are archaeological treasures and most are protected by the law, please treat these sites with respect! prehistoric dartmoor a brief history of prehistory the first humans came out of africa 2 million years ago. around 1 million years ago britain was connected to the continent and the first humans arrived in britain. flint tools found recently in norfolk show that there were humans there around 900,000 years ago 1 . these early humans were not homo sapiens but of the same genus homo. these hunter-gathers came and went with the successive ice ages during the palaeolithic period. during the ice ages the region became unpopulated. during successive inter-glacial periods humans returned. in devon the earliest known site used by these people is at kent's cavern in torquay. a piece of homo sapien upper jaw disovered in 1927 was recently dated to a short interglacial period around 44,200 and 41,500 years ago 2 . tools from these early periods have been found on dartmoor including eleven hand axes found at tavistock and in 1931 worth found a flint implement of palaeolithic type on brent moor 3 . this would suggest dartmoor was first exploited by humans in the lower palaeolithic although the evidence is weak. the early stone age hunter-gather period, the palaeolithic, encompasses around 99% of human history. it gave way after the last ice age, around 12 thousand years ago, to a gradual move towards farming - the mesolithic or middle stone age period. britain would have been uninhabited again during a further cold period known as the loch lomond stadial which ended around 10,000 years ago 4 . this is a hunter-gather period when the uplands were used as seasonal hunting grounds. the evidence of human activity on dartmoor during the mesolithic is from flint scatters around the moors, including finds on runnage and ringhill near postbridge 5 , langstone moor, east week, batworthy and gidleigh common 6 . mesolithic tools are very distinctive consisting of much smaller flint tools than found during the palaeolithic. these small sharp microliths were used in arrow heads and as cutting and boring tools to work bone, antlers and leather. the distribution of flints found from this period excludes areas of deep peat but this probably is a simple reflection of the fact that modern ploughing tends to bring them to the surface 7 . in some areas such as gidleigh 8 and batworthy 9 large numbers of flints have been found which range from the mesolithic through the neolithic on to the bronze age which shows that these locations were in use for millennia. the pollen records show that after the last ice age dartmoor initially became a heath land and was becoming woodland at around 10,000 years ago (i.e. around 8000 bc). hazel, oak and elm appear in the pollen record and by 7000 bc most of dartmoor is wooded up to tree line at around 1500ft (460 metres) 10 and remained relatively undisturbed woodland until about 5000 bc. at this time there was a rapid period of deforestation and grasses and bracken appear in the pollen records indicating a period of deforestation at the tree line. it is thought that the earliest mesolithic farmers used slash and burn to create temporary clearings for hunting deer and for raising crops. these areas would rapidly become infertile and would be abandoned to re-grow. these early farmers are thought to have used wooden shelters and no evidence remains of their settlements. later neolithic farmers were more proficient in agriculture and started deliberately clearing large areas of forest for agricultural use. the charcoal deposits in the soil of this period provide evidence that dartmoor was deforested due to fire. it cannot be proved that these fires were caused by these early farmers but it would seem most likely. the moorland landscape we see today is a direct consequence of this period. trees only remained in the lowland river valleys and peat bogs started to form probably as a direct consequence of this landscape manipulation by humans in the mesolithic period 11 . the neolithic famers were more permanently settled than their mesolithic predecessors. they started to use stone building materials for their settlements and monuments. two settlements are thought to be early neolithic, these are found on the hilltops of white tor and dewerstone. chambered tombs (or their remains) such as those at corringdon ball, cuckoo ball and spinsters rock (near drewsteignton) are from this period 12 . some of the stone rows and stone circles are also thought to date from the late neolithic although most are from the early bronze age. a recently discovered stone row on cut hill has been found to be embedded in peat that has been accurately carbon dated to 3500 bc, around a 1000 years before stonehenge 13 . there are a large number of settlements consisting of "hut circles" which can be seen all over dartmoor except on the highest moorland. these are thought to mostly date from the bronze age although it is thought that some could be late neolithic or built on earlier neolithic sites. unfortunately, there is little accurate dating evidence for the monuments on dartmoor which is largely due to the fact that the necessary organic remains used for dating have not survived in the acid soils. an age of ages! anthropologists and archaeologists use a number of terms to describe periods. the palaeolithic (c. 350000 - 10000 bc) is essentially the "old" stone age and can be roughly described as a hunter-gather period of development with more than one homo species. the first homo sapiens arrived on the scene around 30,000 to 50,000 years ago and soon became the sole homo species. the mesolithic (c. 10000 - 4500 bc) or "middle" stone age is predominantly a hunter-gather period but it signifies the start of the transition to farming. the mesolithic is the period between the palaeolithic and the neolithic or "new" stone age. the neolithic period (c. 4500 - 2300 bc) 15 is defined as when crop cultivation and farming start to become a central feature of life and culture. the stone age is seen as spanning the palaeolithic, the mesolithic and the early neolithic periods. the later neolithic period sees the transition from the use of stone tools through to the age of widespread metal working, first the bronze age and then the iron age. dartmoor in the bronze age menhirs, stone rows, stone circles and cairn circles the day-to-day life and culture of prehistoric peoples would have remained lttle changed from the late neolithic through to the early bronze age. until recently there had been no direct evidence of any tin working or mining on dartmoor during the bronze age. in 2012 tin beads were discovered when the whitehorse hill cist was excavated which perhaps for the first time gives an indication of tin working on dartmoor during the bronze age 16 . there are around seventy six known stone rows and fourteen stone circles on dartmoor and there are numerous menhirs or standing stones. the exact purpose of these prehistoric monuments is unknown. there are claims that stone rows such as those at hingstone hill (down tor) and

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